Many diverse scientific approaches, concepts and political programs have been issued to make cities stronger, less vulnerable and more reactive towards socio-economic requirements regarding the challenging issues. The most important and relevant concepts today are presented in the article. The concepts encompass the individual level of the citizens, the level of living standards or environmental issues and the broader aspects of economic challenges as well as strategies in regard of diverse crises.
Living conditions in modern European societies are more and more characterized by essential changes due to the recent (economic) crisis. Economic uncertainty, job migration and social exclusion are just some of the challenges individuals have to face. This leads to an increasing lack of confidence, trust and solidarity among European citizens and at the same time highlights the urgency of supporting European cities to become more resilient and sustainable in order to cope with economic and social crises. Hence, social protection and inclusion policies are undergoing continuous reform in the light of financial pressures and governance changes. However, while some cities are financially prospering, others have to face deep depression and a decline of citizens’ quality of life. After portraying a series of city-models, a certain concept will be presented, which tries to discover these local differences through which the resilience of a city can be raised.

Keywords: resilient cities, healthy cities, competitive cities, smart cities, cities of learning, cohesive cities, assessing city resilience

Full text (in Hungarian)

Among the key elements that contribute to the explanation of gender differences related to crime are both gender organization referring, among others, to relational concerns, the differences related to moral development and social control, and crime motivation.
In our opinion in an analysis of the capacity of resilience for women in prison both aspects need to be addressed, especially if we consider the experience of the maternal role a potential source of resilience. We will bring arguments regarding this issue, some reflections on recent research.
Keywords: gender organization, crime motivation, maternal role, resilience

Full text (in Hungarian)

According to my hypothesis the majority of Roma/Gypsy intelligentsia has been exposed to the selective and discriminative system of educational institutions. In their case, rapid social mobility occurred. The objective of this research is to explore the mechanisms of resilience among the Hungarian Roma/Gypsy graduates born after the 1980s. My aim is to examine the successful processes, the evidently flexible adaptations that have taken place in their case. My research question focuses on the changes in the social resilience of the generation mentioned above. How and in what ways are they able to set new goals for themselves and what kind of new transformations are the results of the incidental failures/ traumas in the life of the individual? The public education system expects certain performance levels of the students and doesn’t take into consideration the ways in which they are learning and the extent to which they acquire the knowledge and competencies required of them throughout the years; it only places input and output requirements in front of them. In these situations, the resilient person learns the curriculum despite the fact that they are often not aware of its meaning. The absence of the person’s various competencies is amplified due to their own fault, since the school bases its work on the formal values. However, in their case, the change of their status which has taken place through social mobility foreshadows the expectations of the social stratum they are heading for. What does the new, higher social stratum expects of them and what type of things it requires of them that they have previously not experienced? In their case, the continuous pressure of proving themselves and meeting the expectations of others creates a new identity regardless of their own intentions.
Keywords: Roma graduates, mobility, resilience

Full text (in Hungarian)

The sociological, psychological and pedagogical research studies all agree that kindergarten education is a remarkably important period in the development of the social competences of children. In this period the child acquires the adaptive and maladaptive struggling strategies which contribute to their resilient personality. The child becomes a social and societal being in the family and later on in the micro-social medium of the kindergarten, which is defined by macro-social factors. Th e study presents the research made on 3-6 years old kindergarten children (n=126), and it analyses the protective and risk factors in two dimensions: at the intrapersonal level it analyses the struggling mechanisms in kindergarten situations, and at micro-social level it defines the socio-demographic condition of the family, and at micro-social level of kindergarten it presents the analyses of the sociometrical integration in the peer group. The research undertakes the relationship of the personal and social features in order to find out what is to be done for the kindergarten child at micro-social level so that the adults of tomorrow have a positive quality of life.
Keywords: coping mechanism, protective factors, micro social environment, social determinants, family

Full text (in Hungarian)