This article examines the changing configuration of the Romanian demographic discourse from the late sixties until the turn of the millennium. It focuses on the changes of the theory of demographic transition. The core issue of this theory is the link between demographic changes and social modernization. Thus, the paper discusses shifts in the interpretation of Romanian demographic transition as a consequence of changing ideas and projects of Romanian modernization. In other words, the article analyses the extra-disciplinary (political, social) factors that determine the structure of demographic discourse. Tamás Kiss is a sociologist-demographer and a researcher at the Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities (ISPMN), Head of the Research Department (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.).